Region:Asia PacificCurrent UN Women Plan Period Afghanisthan:2018-2022
World Bank Income Classification:Low IncomeThe World Bank classifies economies for analytical purposes into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income. For this purpose it uses gross national income (GNI) per capita data in U.S. dollars, converted from local currency using the World Bank Atlas method, which is applied to smooth exchange rate fluctuations.Least Developed Country:YesSince 1971, the United Nations has recognized LDCs as a category of States that are deemed highly disadvantaged in their development process, for structural, historical and also geographical reasons. Three criteria are used: per capita income, human assets, and economic vulnerability.Gender Inequality Index:0.575GII is a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa.Gender Development Index:0.723GDI measures gender inequalities in achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: health, education, and command over economic resources.
Population:209,497,025Source of population data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects: The 2022 RevisionMale:19,976,265 (9.5%)Female:189,520,760 (90.5%)
Number of adopted National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security with monitoring indicators (CO)
2021 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)YesTrue
2023 (M)YesTrue
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.7.9
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
Number of countries that have endorsed a youth, peace and security framework (Desk Review)
SP 5.13.1: Number of institutions of the justice and security sectors with strengthened capacity to mainstream gender perspectives and promote the rights of women and girls in conflict, post-conflict and other crisis situations
2017 (B)10N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_4.1B
SP 5.13.2: Number of sexual and gender-based violence justice experts deployed to national, regional and international accountability mechanisms(Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_4.1C
SP 5.13.3: Number of civil society organizations and networks, directly supported by UN-Women to influence peace processes
Women are enabled and capacitated to take part in decision-making processes around the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda
SP_D_0.1.h
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of multi-stakeholder dialogue processes to promote engagement of governments with civil society and other partners to advance gender equality and women's empowerment (CO, RO, HQ)
2021 (B)5 dialogue processesN/A
2022 (M)Maintain existing 5 processes6
2023 (M)1 addition to existing 56
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.5.c
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)14
2023 (M)24
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.5.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
SP_D_0.4.c
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
2021 (B)3N/A
2022 (M)55
2023 (M)6 including 2021 baseline5
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.4.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of women accessing information, goods, resources and/or services through UNW supported platforms and programs in humanitarian and development settings (CO)
SP_D_0.2.4
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
Number of innovative financing instruments introduced that include gender equality objectives (Desk Review)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.2A
SP 3.9.1: Number of women with strengthened capacities and skills to participate in the economy, including as entrepreneurs, with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)721N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.2B
SP 3.9.2: Number of women entrepreneurs supported to access finance and gender-responsive financial products and services, with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)308N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.2C
SP 3.9.3: Number of government entities, companies, and/or international organizations that develop and/or implement gender-responsive procurement policies, with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.2D
SP 3.9.4: Number of national and international signatories to the Women Empowerment Principles
2020 (B)76N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.2E
2020 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.3A
SP 3.10.1: Number of new and/or improved gender-responsive policies on land developed and/or being implemented with the support of UN-Women
2017 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.3B
SP 3.10.2: Number of rural women supported to gain access, use and/or control of productive resources by UN-Women
2017 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_2.3C
SP 3.10.3: Number of countries that use the Buy from Women Platform to connect women farmers to information, markets and/or finance (info might still be collected through RMS)
Women, particularly poor and socially excluded, use skills, economic opportunities, and relevant information to be (self-)employed and/or start/develop their businesses
SP_D_0.4.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of women accessing information, goods, resources and/or services through UNW supported platforms and programs in humanitarian and development settings (CO)
2020 (B)2000N/A
2022 (M)30004360
2023 (M)40004360
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.5.a
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
SP_D_0.1.e
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of tools introduced that support innovative financing and accountability, including related to digital financing, for gender equality (CO)
2021 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)01
2023 (M)11
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.3.e
Number of draft policies with monitoring/reporting mechanisms developed by partners to address gender-based discrimination and/or combat gender stereotypes (CO)
By 2025, all people in Georgia enjoy improved good governance, more open, resilient and accountable institutions, rule of law, equal access to justice, human rights, and increased representation and participation of women in decision making (UNSDCF Outcome1)
SP_D_0.7.1
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
Percentage of ratings of reporting entities that meet or exceed UN-SWAP standards (derived from QCPR indicator 1.4.13) (Desk Review)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.7.2
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
Percentage of UNCTs that conducted the comprehensive UNCT-SWAP Gender Equality Scorecard in the past four years, and met or exceeded requirements for at least 60% of UNCT-SWAP standards (derived from QCPR indicator 1.4.15) (Desk Review)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.1A
SP 2.4.1: Number of gender equality reforms developed and/or being implemented by electoral stakeholders with UN-Women's technical support
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.1B
SP 2.4.2 : Number of women leaders, candidates and aspirants with strengthened capacities to engage in political life, with UN-Women's support
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.1C
SP 2.4.3: Number of gender equality initiatives developed and/or being implemented by parliamentary bodies (Legislative Parliamentary Committees/ Women Caucus/ Speaker of Parliament's Office/Secretariat of the Parliament), with UN-Women's support
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.1D
SP 2.4.4: Number of initiatives developed and/or being implemented to monitor violence against women in politics, with UN-Women's support
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2A
SP 2.5.1a: Number of high-quality national gender equality action plans developed, costed and/or being implemented with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2B
SP 2.5.2: Number of finance ministries with capacities to integrate gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) in public finance management systems with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2C
SP 2.5.3: Number of national AIDS coordinating bodies and/or relevant sectoral ministries that have strengthened capacity to integrate gender-responsive actions into national HIV strategies, with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2D
SP 2.5.4a: Number of national women's machineries and women's organizations with capacities to advocate for gender-responsive budgets with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2E
SP 2.5.4b: Number of national women's machineries and women's organizations with capacities to advocate for gender-responsive budgets with UN-Women's support
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_1.2F
SP 2.5.1b: Number of high-quality national gender equality action plans developed, costed and/or being implemented with UN-Women's support
SP_D_0.1.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of partners that have increased capacities to promote/influence gender responsive legislation (CO)
2020 (B)1 partner entityN/A
2022 (M)2 additional partners3
2023 (M)2 additional partners3
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.1.e
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
2021 (B)1 partner entityN/A
2022 (M)3 additional partners15
2023 (M)3 additional partners15
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.1.f
2020 (B)2 institutionsN/A
2022 (M)4 new institutions8
2023 (M)9 institutions (including 2020 baseline)8
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.1.h
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of multi-stakeholder dialogue processes to promote engagement of governments with civil society and other partners to advance gender equality and women's empowerment (CO, RO, HQ)
2021 (B)5 dialogue processesN/A
2022 (M)Maintain existing 5 processes6
2023 (M)1 additional to existing 56
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.2.a
Number of partners with capacities to integrate gender equality into fiscal laws/policies/standards (CO, RO, HQ)
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)15 partners3
2023 (M)15 partners (the same as in 2022)3
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.2.b
Number of gender financing assessments conducted by government partners (CO)
2021 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)11
2023 (M)11
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.2.c
Number of national partners with capacities to apply Gender Responsive Budgeting tools in the budget cycle (CO)
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)15 partners75
2023 (M)15 partners (the same as in 2022)75
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.7.a
Number of thematic interagency mechanisms/teams that effectively address gender mainstreaming in priority areas (CO, RO, HQ)
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)16
2023 (M)26
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.7.b
GLOBAL/UNIT: Number of UN System coordination mechanisms in which UN-Women is actively engaged that drive progress on gender mainstreaming mandates and commitments at global, regional and country levels
2021 (B)1N/A
2022 (M)14
2023 (M)14
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.7.d
Percentage of UN Joint-Programmes with a focus on gender equality in which UN-Women participates as a Participating United Nations Organization (derived from QCPR indicator 1.4.17) (CO, RO)
Number of inter-agency coordination mechanisms governing the production of multi-level disaggregated gender statistics and sex-disaggregated data, established or strengthened (CO)
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)32
2023 (M)32
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.6.b
Number of data producers and users with strengthened capacities in the collection, analysis, dissemination and use of gender statistics (CO)
2020 (B)20N/A
2022 (M)100153
2023 (M)200 (including baseline)153
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.6.c
Number of gender statistics and sex-disaggregated data collection initiatives, including in emerging areas conducted or analyzed (CO)
2021 (B)3N/A
2022 (M)2 new3
2023 (M)6 including the baseline3
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.6.d
Number of platforms/web-based databases for dissemination of multi-level disaggregated gender statistics, sex-disaggregated data and knowledge developed (CO)
2021 (B)1N/A
2022 (M)1 (the same as baseline)1
2023 (M)1 (the same as baseline)1
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.6.e
Number of countries with institutionalized user-producer dialogues to increase accessibility, quality and demand for multi-level disaggregated gender statistics, sex-disaggregated data and knowledge (CO)
2021 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)YesTrue
2023 (M)YesTrue
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.6.f
Number of countries with national gender equality profiles developed and published with UN Women support and informing national priorities (CO)
Women and their organizations in all their diversity are empowered to engage in and influence political life and decision-making at all levels in Georgia
SP_D_0.1.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of partners that have increased capacities to promote/influence gender responsive legislation (CO)
2022 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)53
2024 (M)103
2025 (T)153
SP_D_0.1.h
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of multi-stakeholder dialogue processes to promote engagement of governments with civil society and other partners to advance gender equality and women's empowerment (CO, RO, HQ)
2022 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)16
2024 (M)26
2025 (T)36
SP_D_0.4.c
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
2022 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)25
2024 (M)45
2025 (T)65
SP_D_0.4.d
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of women accessing information, goods, resources and/or services through UNW supported platforms and programs in humanitarian and development settings (CO)
By 2025, all people in Georgia have equitable and inclusive access to quality, resilient and gender-sensitive services delivered in accordance with international human rights standards (UNSDCF Outcome 2)
SP_D_0.3.3
Number of countries and/or other actors with comprehensive and coordinated VAW prevention strategy (CO)
SP_D_0.7.4
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
Percentage of UNCTs meeting/exceeding requirements in preventing and eliminating all forms of violence and discrimination against women and girls through multisectoral and coordinated approaches (derived from QCPR indicator 1.4.22) (Desk Review)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_3.1A
SP 4.11.1: Number of National Action Plans and Strategies to end violence against women that have a component that addresses social norms, attitudes, and behavior transformation, developed with UN-Women's support
2017 (B)1N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_3.1B
SP 4.11.2a: Number of countries that have, with UN Women's support, (1) conducted community activities with women and men, boys and girls on gender equality and respectful relationships and (2) developed national informal or formal education curricula on gender and violence against women in primary and/or secondary schools.
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_3.1C
SP 4.11.3: Number of countries supported by UN-Women to improve guidelines, protocols, standard operating procedures (in line with best practices) on the provision of quality services for victims and survivors
2017 (B)YesN/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_3.1D
SP 4.11.4: Number of countries that provide information about women's rights to access quality essential services for victims and survivors of violence, with UN-Women's support
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_3.1E
SP 4.11.2b: Number of countries that have, with UN Women's support, (1) conducted community activities with women and men, boys and girls on gender equality and respectful relationships and (2) developed national informal or formal education curricula on gender and violence against women in primary and/or secondary schools.
Ending violence against women and domestic violence (EVAW/DV) legislation and policies are further improved to meet international standards
SP_D_0.3.f
Number of countries with a process to design and implement VAW prevention strategies, or with VAW prevention interventions based on global norms and standards (CO)
Violence against women and domestic violence services and the capacities of service providers are further improved to meet international standards
SP_D_0.4.a
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
Number of institutions with strengthened capacities to improve the provision of essential services, goods and/or resources for women (CO)
2022 (B)6N/A
2022 (M)74
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.4.b
Number of countries supported to develop and/or implement guidelines, protocols and standard operating procedures to strengthen EVAWG services in line with the Essential Services Package (CO)
2021 (B)NoN/A
2022 (M)YesTrue
2023 (M)YesTrue
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.4.e
Number of countries with multi stakeholder initiatives in place to prevent and respond to sexual violence including sexual harassment in public and/or private spaces (CO)
SP_D_0.3.b
In addition to results reported by UN Women field offices (shown here), results achieved in countries and territories through the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women (UNTF) are included in a non-duplicative manner in the global reporting on this indicator (see the Our Global Results page).
2020 (B)0N/A
2022 (M)22
2023 (M)32
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_D_0.3.c
Number of data collection initiatives conducted or supported by UN Women that include behaviour and/or social/gender norms dimensions (CO)
Assuring an accountable organization through principled performance
SP_O_1A
SP O_1.1: Percentage of ratings of reporting entities that meet or exceed UN-SWAP minimum standards (Derived from QCPR indicator 42b)(Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_O_1B
SP O_1.2: Fraction of reporting UN entities that track and report on allocations and expenditures using gender markers (Derived from QCPR indicator 42e)(Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_O_1C
SP O_1.3: Percentage of UNDAFs (now UNSDCFs) that feature gender results at the outcome level (QCPR indicator 42g) (Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_O_1D
SP O_1.4: Percentage share of total programme expenditure from joint programmes (Derived from QCPR indicator 15g)(Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_O_1E
UN Women reports on this indicator in a global scope, signified by "(Desk Review)" at the end of the indicator statement (see the Our Global Results page for the global result)
SP O_1.5: [discontinued] Number of qualified female candidate profiles provided to the Executive Office of the Secretary General by UN-Women for senior level appointments (Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
SP_O_1F
SP O_1.6: Number of UN entities receiving gender parity advice and/or technical assistance by UN-Women (Not for country reporting)
(B)-N/A
2022 (M)To be reported
2023 (M)To be reported
2024 (M)To be reported
2025 (T)To be reported
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Disclaimer and notes
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
World Bank Income Classification:Low Income
The World Bank classifies economies for analytical purposes into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income. For this purpose it uses gross national income (GNI) per capita data in U.S. dollars, converted from local currency using the World Bank Atlas method, which is applied to smooth exchange rate fluctuations.
